A Response to R.A.V v City of St. Paul Case Study

A Response to R.A.V v City of St. Paul - Case Study Example The court case of R.A.V v. city of St. Paul would have revised the definition of the hate speech guided by the provisions of the First Amendment. The court should have convicted the white teenager based on the injury caused by burning a cross in front of a black family’s residence. The act was injurious in nature based on Butler’s argument that any speech or act with elements that imply hate or racism should be prosecuted. The cross was the fighting symbol that the plaintiff used to arouse anger and resentment to the black family. The misdemeanor caused by the white teenager would have been by the trial court for prosecution instead of dismissing the charge. Butler is convinced that the act of cross burning amounts to hate speech and should not be protected by the constitution. Additionally, the decision by the court to include the provisions of the First Amendment to dismiss the case was irrelevant. The Minnesota court would have ruled in favor of the City of St. Paul instead of dismissing the destructiveness of cross burning (Butler, 2013). The court ruling can be used by racists to conduct heinous act against other community guided by the protection of speech in the constitution. The court decision would have been based on the historical accounts that relate to cross-burning. The act has been used before to carry out racist attacks black families in the United States. Butler established that the court was wrong because it failed to consider past cases of cross burning. She felt that the act itself contained a threat that could be prosecuted in court. Butler felt that the constitution should have included cross burning in the list of fires (Butler, 2013). The court ruling would have prosecuted the teenager based on the definition of fire in RAV v. St. Paul case. The ruling would pave the way for amendments in the way the constitution protects citizens’ free speech.  Ã‚  

Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Marketing Research Essay 1. Explain the difference between testing for significant differences and testing for association. If a relationship present between two variables, it is important to know thw direction, the direction of a relationship can be either positive or negative. An understanding of the strength of association also is important. Researchers generally categorize the stenght os association as no relationship, weak relationship, moderate relationship, or strong relationship. If a consistent and systematic relationship is not present, then there is no relationship. 2. Explain the difference between association and causation. It depends if we have a linear relationship, which means the strength and nature of the relationship between them remains the same over the range of both variables, and can be best described using a straight line; or a curvilinear relationship, which means the strength and/or direction of the relationship changes over the range of both variables. 3. What is covariation? How does it differ from correlation? Covariation is the amount of change in one variable that is consistently related to the change in another variable of interest. 4. What are the differences between univariate and bivariate statistical techniques? Univariate focuses on one variable, and bivariate focuses on 2 5. What is regression analysis? When would you use it? Statistical technique that analyzes the linear relationship between two variables by estimating coefficients for an equation for a straight line. One variable is designated as dependent variable and the other is called an independent or predictor variable. 6. What is the main problem caused by high multicollinearity among the independent variables in a multiple regression equation? A situation in which several independent variables are highly correlated with each other. This characteristic can result in difficulty in estimating separate or independent regression coefficients for the correlated variables.

Zora Neale Hurston and Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Zora Neale Hurston and Their Eyes Were Watching God   Ã‚  Ã‚   Zora Neale Hurston an early twentieth century Afro-American feminist author, was raised in a predominately black community which gave her an unique perspective on race relations, evident in her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God.   Hurston drew on her on experiences as a feminist Afro-American female to create a story about the magical transformation of Janie, from a young unconfident girl to a thriving woman.   Janie experiences many things that make her a compelling character who takes readers along as her companion, on her voyage to discover the mysteries and rewards life has to offer.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zora Neale Hurston was, the daughter of a Baptist minister and an educated scholar who still believed in the genius contained within the common southern black vernacular(Hook http://splavc.spjc.cc.fl.us/hooks/Zora.html).   She was a woman who found her place, though unstable, in a typical male profession. Hurston was born on January 7, 1891  Ã‚   in Eatonville, Florida,   the first all-incorporated black town in America.   She found a special thing in this town, where she said, "... [I] grew like a like a gourd and yelled bass like a gator," (Gale, 1).   When Hurston was thirteen she was removed from school and sent to care for her brother's children.   She became a member of a traveling theater at the age of sixteen, and then found herself working as a maid for a white woman. This woman saw a spark that was waiting for fuel, so she arranged for Hurston to attend high school in Baltimore. She also attended Morgan Academy, now c alled Morgan State University, from which she graduated in June of 1918.   She then enrolled in the Howard Prep School followed by later enrollment in Howard University.   In 1928 Hurston attended Barnard College where she studied anthropology under Franz Boas. After she graduated, Zora returned to Eatonville to begin work on anthropology.   Four years after Hurston received her B.A. from Barnard she enrolled in Columbia University   to begin graduate work (Discovering Authors, 2-4).   Hurston's life seemed to be going well but she was soon to see the other side of reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hurston never stayed at a job for too long,   constantly refusing the advances of male employers, which showed part of her strong feminist disposition.   But Hurston was still seeking true love throughout her travels and education.   At Howard University, Hurston met Herburt Sheen whom she married on May 19, 1927 in St. Zora Neale Hurston and Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays Zora Neale Hurston and Their Eyes Were Watching God   Ã‚  Ã‚   Zora Neale Hurston an early twentieth century Afro-American feminist author, was raised in a predominately black community which gave her an unique perspective on race relations, evident in her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God.   Hurston drew on her on experiences as a feminist Afro-American female to create a story about the magical transformation of Janie, from a young unconfident girl to a thriving woman.   Janie experiences many things that make her a compelling character who takes readers along as her companion, on her voyage to discover the mysteries and rewards life has to offer.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zora Neale Hurston was, the daughter of a Baptist minister and an educated scholar who still believed in the genius contained within the common southern black vernacular(Hook http://splavc.spjc.cc.fl.us/hooks/Zora.html).   She was a woman who found her place, though unstable, in a typical male profession. Hurston was born on January 7, 1891  Ã‚   in Eatonville, Florida,   the first all-incorporated black town in America.   She found a special thing in this town, where she said, "... [I] grew like a like a gourd and yelled bass like a gator," (Gale, 1).   When Hurston was thirteen she was removed from school and sent to care for her brother's children.   She became a member of a traveling theater at the age of sixteen, and then found herself working as a maid for a white woman. This woman saw a spark that was waiting for fuel, so she arranged for Hurston to attend high school in Baltimore. She also attended Morgan Academy, now c alled Morgan State University, from which she graduated in June of 1918.   She then enrolled in the Howard Prep School followed by later enrollment in Howard University.   In 1928 Hurston attended Barnard College where she studied anthropology under Franz Boas. After she graduated, Zora returned to Eatonville to begin work on anthropology.   Four years after Hurston received her B.A. from Barnard she enrolled in Columbia University   to begin graduate work (Discovering Authors, 2-4).   Hurston's life seemed to be going well but she was soon to see the other side of reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hurston never stayed at a job for too long,   constantly refusing the advances of male employers, which showed part of her strong feminist disposition.   But Hurston was still seeking true love throughout her travels and education.   At Howard University, Hurston met Herburt Sheen whom she married on May 19, 1927 in St.

Genetic Engineering: Genetic Research and Gene Therapy :: Persuasive Argumentative Essay Examples

Genetic Research and Gene Therapy The human genome is the key to gene therapy, genetic diagnosis, and even to genetically engineer human beings. The human genome is a map of the entire DNA sequence, a blue book, of the individual, which is currently being mapped by the Human Genome Project. Knowing where and which gene controls what trait and causes what genetic disease will armed doctors with a powerful tool to treat their patients in the molecular level. On the other hand, people can jump at the opportunity to manipulate genes to create the perfect baby or enhance a specific trait. One of the few ways of achieving these goals is through research on human embryos. Genetic research on human embryo has two implications. One in therapeutic research (to detect, and hopefully correct gene flaws), which is more practical, and the other is parents deciding how their child should look (or an extreme word, eugenic). The latter, which in the present is wishful thinking but will be a reality in the future if the technology becomes feasible. This paper will mainly discuss the therapeutic research (the medical practice and technological aspect of genetic engineering on embryos) to show what can be done medically and its implications. The consequences, moral and ethical issue of genetic research on human embryos will not be discuss in length here, for it is a topic in other groups and within my group. Currently in therapeutic research, one of the things that can be done is a process call Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD). PGD is a new medical treatment that incorporates the technology of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and the ability to genetically removed a single cell from an 8-cell embryo to detect any genetic abnormalities (Forbidden Knowledge). In this way, "couples at high genetic risk [will have the] opportunity to start their pregnancy knowing that their baby will not have a lethal inherited disease" rather than stress by deciding whether or not to undergo a prenatal test such as amniocentesis, which requires the pregnancy be at least 15 weeks (Forbidden Knowledge). Some of the major genetic diseases that can be detected are Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, some form of cancers (Carmosino), aneuploidy chromosomes for chromosome 13, 18, 21, X, and Y (Jones), and sickle-cell anemia (Henig, 58). Gene therapy, which is in is early stages will greatly benefit from embryo research.

Hunting Isnt Murder

â€Å"Hunting is murder? I think NOT! † 1. Is hunting murder? This is something that people should think about. Many people walk around and believe that hunting is truly murder and think that they are completely right about this. However, I believe strongly that hunting is not murder and I will explain and prove why it is not murder. Murder is defined as: 1. The unlawful killing of one human by another, especially with premeditated malice. (murder,1) 2. To kill brutally or inhumanly. (murder,1) Now looking at these words in these definitions I can prove that hunting can not fall under the category of murder.Unlawful is defined as something that is illegal. (unlawful, 1) Therefore, I can make my first point on how hunting is not illegal. Yes there are times when it can be illegal if people are hunting the wrong time of year or don’t have their license. However, that is not what we are concerned about, when it comes down to it the majority of people who hunt do it legally and if they don’t then they are fined and even in some cases jailed. Next, human is defined as having or showing those positive aspects of nature and character regarded as distinguishing humans from other animals. human, 1) No animals are not human, and yes they are living things, but they are not homo sapiens. I don’t care what people say there is no way you can prove that a deer, goose, duck, or turkey is under the category of a homo sapien.With knowing this I can also state that hunting can therefore not be considered murder by definition. Next in the definition of murder it states that murder is the killing of a human with premeditated malice. Malice is defined as a desire to harm others or to see others suffer; extreme ill will or spite. Malice, 1) Yes, many people like myself hunt as a sport. However, many people don’t realize that we don’t do this because we like to kill and watch animals suffer, but in fact we do this because we love nature and a nimals and we do not want to see them suffer. Hunting is legal as a sport, because the government knows that there are mass populations of animals that need to be made smaller in order to keep the populations strong. The Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, better known as the Pittman-Robertson Act, was passed by Congress in 1937.Pittman-Robertson placed a Federal excise tax on hunting equipment of many kinds, including guns and ammo (11 percent tax on sporting arms, ammunition, and archery equipment, and a 10 percent tax on handguns). (Category, 1) With the overwhelming support of hunters across the USA, this Act directed that money produced by this additional tax on our gear be used to provide funding for the selection, restoration, rehabilitation and improvement of wildlife habitat, wildlife management research, and the distribution of information produced by the projects.It was later amended (1970) to include funding for hunter training programs and the development, operatio n and maintenance of public target ranges. (Category, 1) Many hunters love and care about the animals they are hunting and do not do it in spite of the animals or to watch them suffer. The last keyword I want to talk about in the definition of murder is to kill brutally. Brutally is defined as extremely ruthless and cruel. I don’t know if people know much about starvation, but I have been taught about how painful of a disease it is to go through.Starved animals are generally emaciated, their fat stores are depleted, their body catabolizes the protein from their muscles, and leaves them in severe pain and anguish. I would have to say that I would much rather have a bullet but through my chest then I would want to have to go through the pain of starvation. As long as there are hunters, we will be able to have control over animal starvation and be able to keep it at a minimum. Many people question me when I tell them I am a hunter and like to go on about how cruel it is and wond er how I am able to kill an innocent animal.I explain that as a hunter I love animals and that is why I hunt. It is tough to convince someone when their mind is already made up, but I like to try. I hunt for many reasons. Some of which are for adventure, the feel of satisfaction of a job well done, the sense of being closer to nature and yes, for the kill. I explain that I hunt for the joy of the hunt. Also, that thousands of years ago hunters told their stories and honored their animals with pictographs. I don’t know if people often use pictographs anymore, but we do the same thing in a different way.Rather than painting on walls, we now mount animals on walls. Like our ancestors, we share the meat with our families and friends. I also know of people who take meat from animals they have hunted and donate it to people in need. Hunting is not something I do to just pass time. Hunting is a way of life for me, and I am just grateful that I am able to enjoy it. Take a look at my reasoning of why I believe hunting can not be considered murder, do you think hunting is murder?Works cited Brutally – Definition of Brutally by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Category, By. â€Å"A Discussion of Who Hunters Are and What They Do for Wildlife, Habitat, and Folks Who Don't Even Hunt. † Hunting and Shooting. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Human – Definition of Human by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Malice – Definition of Malice by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Murder – Definition of Murder by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus a nd Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Unlawful – Definition of Unlawful by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. .

Research objectives Essays

Research objectives Essays Research objectives Essay Research objectives Essay Research objectives involve finding out about the market type and what is going on in the market. Somerset house wants to find out what age group visit the galleries and what attracts them, this will enable Somerset house to find out which age segments dont visit and which age groups to aim for in the future and how to attract them to visit the galleries.Somerset house has to find out whether its customers are satisfied with the service they receive at Somerset house and if not why? And how can it be improved to meet every bodies needs. Customers can be unsatisfied for a number of reasons for expel poor service or customer service, if this is the problem Somerset house can improve its customer service by training its staff. Solving the problems may lead to more customers.I want to find out what age groups visit Somerset house and how I can increase, encourage and attract other age groups to Somerset house, currently Somerset house has a larger number of over 5 5+s customers who are mostly intersected in the galleries. I want to attract younger generations to Somerset house but not the young kids who will turn the area into a play area, running about and making noise which may conflict with the older generation and cause them to leave. I will have to develop a strategy that will attract both generations to the same area to use the same or different services. These include the ice rink, music events and fire works displays, which might attract different generations and increase the publics awareness of Somerset house and increase the chance of them visiting the galleries.Another objectives is to increase repeat customers and improve the publics image about Somerset house at the moment there is little repeat customer, Somerset house can improve repeat customer by publishing a programme brochure for the different seasons of the year which lists the events that will take place. This will be put on Somersets houses web site and it will also be sent to Somerset houses customers and schools by post. This will enable the customers to plan for the events in advance. There will also be a copy of the brochure at Somerset house for who have visited for the first time.In order to find out and solve the above I will have to carry out research. I will use the internet to find out information about Somerset houses competitors, what products they have to offer and what prices they charge. This information will show me why these museums are successful or what they are doing wrong and I will use it to develop a strategy that will help Somerset house to gain a lager market share and a competitive advantage over its competitors.I will also need to find out how other museums are marketing there products, the impact of there marketing strategy on Somerset houses sales and what age groups they attract for this will need to complete a competition survey. I intend to visit the natural history museum and the national gallery, one Britains larg est art galleries as I have identified them as Somerset houses main competitors. I hope to speak to the marketing manager to find out which strategy they use and how they market there products. I will also need to find out information such as products on offer, prices charged and which products attracts the most people.I will designed a questionnaire to take with me on my visits to the natural history museum and the National gallery this questionnaire will have the same questions as the one I took to Somerset house it will include questions on gender, age, social class or life style visitors have, how they book, travel and how they had about the exhibitions. I will base my marketing strategy on the response I get from the public on my visits to the museums. The questionnaire will be presented to 20 different people at random.Research methodBefore visiting Somerset house I designed a questionnaire which was filled in by different people at Somerset house. The results are presented be low.1.This graph show that the most people to visit Somerset house are the above 55+ with 16 out of the 20 people the questionnaire was presented to. It also shows that there are know 26-55 year olds visiting the museum.2.The pie chart above shows that 40% of the people questioned were male and 60% were female, it also shows that there 20%more females who visit Somerset house than males. This is a major point to take into consideration when making my marketing strategy for Somerset house.3.The graph shows that 55% of the people questioned were retired, 25 in professional jobs and 20% in manual and other WC; this will have a great influence on my pricing.4.The graph show that all the people questioned came from outside London. Somerset houses existing strategy targets people in London, from my results you can that there strategy is not working they need to expand the area of concentration to include outer London residents. This is a point I will take in mind when marketing the produc ts.5.The results from the graph show that all the people travelled by train to Somerset house. Somerset house is easy accessible by the London underground.6.From the graph above you can see that 50% of the people had about Somerset house through the radio, 30 through the internet, 20% through word of mouth and news papers.7.The pie chart show that of the 20 people questioned almost 3 thirds of them had used the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/ restaurant.7.The graph shows that all the people who used the restaurants were all happy with the service and pricing by Somerset house.8.The pie chart shows that majority of the people I questioned had access to the internet and 40% dont have access to the internet. This is useful if the products are going to be marketed on the internet.10.This graph shows us that 75% of the people I questioned visited the souvenir shop and actually buy some thing from there.11.From the chart you can see that 60% of the people questioned booked tickets from ticket master, 30 % from the internet and only 10% on the Phone.12.Of the 20 people questioned 14 of them were going to spend the whole day at Somerset house, 2 till lunch and 4 for a few hours.13.This graph shows that 80% of the people had not visited the Ice rink this may be due to the fact that 55% of the people I questioned were retired and there were only 15% were teenagers.14.The graph shows us that 50% of the people questioned thought it was excellent, 20% V.good, 10% good and only 20% poor. This can be put right through asking the customers to fill in a short question about there day.15.From the results on the graph you can see half of the people enjoyed the Hermitage and the ice rink and Gilbert collection with both 20% each. The Courtauld gallery with only 10% marketing may have been responsible for this. The Ice rink got less people because only 15% of the people questioned were teenagers, most likely customers of the ice rink.16.This question was designed to fin out whether Somerset house has many competitors and from the results you can see that 80% of people had visited other galleries in London.Existing marketsFrom my research I found that Somerset house attracts a large number of the retired audience to the galleries this was from my primary research. The secondary research I got from Somerset house showed that there were large numbers of Gold and Silver enthusiasts attracted to Somerset house as the Gilbert collection and shop is the only place in the area that sales expensive and unique silvers. The existing markets also include overseas cultural tourists and UK tourists. School groups and higher education who visit Somerset house mostly for educational purposes. There is a small number of younger audiences attracted to Somerset house only for the pop music events which take place in the courtyard, these are only seasonal and are mostly not to visit the galleries and not to come back. The restaurants existing market includes day trippers in higher education an d income categories. The ice rink has an existing market of mostly teenagers but these dont visit the galleries and because the ice rink lasts for only six weeks it does not reach its expected sales.Future/possible marketsThere markets Somerset house has not explored, Somerset house targets residents of greater London but from my primary research you can see that most of the people questioned were actually from out side greater London. To reach this audience Somerset house needs to increase its marketing campaign to include the people who come from outside London.There is a possibility of a future market of parents and there younger kids to visit the galleries, this could be attracted in a number of ways for example if Somerset house opened up a new system, that the kids are looked after while the parents visit Somerset house. This would attract many parents therefore leading to an increase in the sales and number of people visiting Somerset house. It would also improve the publics image of summerset house being a place of births, deaths and marriages.The other market I would like to explore is the market of the younger generations; this would be good customers if they were pleased with the service they receive, as they are most likely to tell there friend about what they have seen or how good and spectacular the event was and then may be come back to visit again. Which h would form repeat customers and increase sale.CompetitionSomerset house does not only compete with museum but also other restaurants and gold and silver shops in inner London. Somerset house does not only compete locally but it also has national and international competition because of the single market in Europe, this causes even a greater threat to Somerset house as museums can enter the UK museum freely. Its many competitors in the museum industry include the natural history museum, national gallery, science museum, British museum imperial war museum and madam Tussauds etc. Most of these m useums due to recent government legation offer free entrance to the public at all times yet they have a competitive advantage over Somerset house. But still to most of the upper class people it looks like they are getting a better service because they are paying.There is also a problem as Somerset house has to prove to the public that the service the public will receive from Somerset house is worth the money, Somerset house could do this through product differentiation, adding valve to the service they provide.The other competitors are the restaurants located in London; these compete aggressively with Somerset house the location of Somerset house gives it a completive advantage.Whole market developmentThe market for museum is changing from the statics in my secondary research you can see that at in the early 1990s not many people used to visit museum but recently in the late 1990s there has been an increase in the museum market. As people get more money they tend to spend it on luxu rary thing like days out to museums. Also some people visit museum because of curiosity about there history or the history of other things. Some visit simply because they are interested in some kind arts and culture. But in the last few months we have seen a decrease in the number of people visiting the museum, this is because the economy of the UK has been fall since September the 11 and people were saving instead of spending.As we approached the new millennium and new technology changed we saw museum take a new step in using new technologies like the use of the internet and the use of new interactive service like touch screens available in the museums. Somerset house also has an active interactive link to St Petersburg museum in Russia which enables you to see whats going on St Petersburg.Other museum like the natural history museum have computer programs that allow you to go back in time and see what the earth looked like and what creatures roomed the earth.Ever since the electio n of the new London mayor; London has been put on the map, with plans for better transport and more attraction in London. The mayors plans for London have many influences on trade and business in London. For example the mayors plans to freeze tube fares in real terms for fours year and to freeze bus fares for four years and urgently investigate the feasibility of introducing a 70p flat rate bus fare throughout London. This attracts more tourists and because the fares will be low you will find that more people visit London.ConclusionAfter all the research I have under taken I have decided on a strategy that will attract more people of all generations to Somerset house, because the ice rink is opened for only six weeks I thought this is not enough time. So I have decided to keep it open for the all of the winter season and this time the rink will be covered with a water proof over it, which means we will not have to close the ice rink when its raining as Somerset has done in the led w hich led to a huge decrease in there sales as people we take on the ice because it was raining. Also I would like the rink to be even bigger this year instead of 700 square metres, I will have it 900 square this will accommodate more people. I will have events like the ice hockey finals from local clubs take place on the rink this is for publicity reasons, these events will be held in the evenings so that they dont conflict with other thing and people at Somerset house. I also plan to open the rink for longer hours on weekend, this is because the age group am interested in are in education during the week days. I will invite the press round on the grand opening and on the special which will help improve the image of Somerset house. My strategy also includes changing price but I will not increase the price instead I going to increase the age at which teenagers can get in a child from 12 years to 16 years this will hopeful encourage more teenagers to come and visit. Prices will be adu lts à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 and under 16 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6. This will be my winter strategy.In the summer season I intend to promote the fountains and a music festival which will last for a week, on my publicity I will also include the galleries and other products that Somerset house provides so that customer can know about what is on offer apart from the event they are going to. As well as attracting younger generation and increase repeat customer I will make sure that my marketing strategy meets there demands and expectations and does not conflict with other things going on at Somerset house.Evaluation of research validityThe methods I used primary research, this involved gathering fresh information about the market and secondary research this involves using data that is already available to you. For my marketing strategy I was allowed to change the product, price and promotion but I couldnt change the place as Somerset house is a history building. So I went on and carried out the appropriate r esearch. I constructed a questionnaire that I questioned 20 people.The questionnaire had closed questions; I collected quantities data that I later turned into statistics, which I presentated in pie charts and bar graphs. The problem with closed questionnaire is that people dont get to give there own opinion about the product instead they are forced into answering questions with out giving there own judgment. This met I may have missed out on ideals that I might have used in my strategy. I only questioned 20 people that I conceded to be a representative sample of London however, there are many more people in London that I sampled this may cause problems. Because my results are recent this makes them valid as I conduct the research personally and asked questions that were relevant to the topic issue.The secondary research I have is valid but not for this particular time as most of it is 2-3 years old fore example the trend in museum market information and tourists information, this c ould have charged over the last year. This will affect my marketing strategies. It would have been of use if I looked into reference books in the libraries but due to the time difficulty I was not able to.Overall am satisfied with the research methods that I used to collect the information and do think to a certain extent my research is valid and will be of use when am drawing up my strategy which will later attract more younger generations and increase repeat customer.In London there are vast numbers of competitors and its impossible to research all of them as this will cost a lot of money and time. I might have over looked some competitors. I have not researched national and international and other leisure activities that appeal to kids and younger adults like bowling alleys and cinemas.Secondary researchTourism is one of the drivers of the British economy, supporting around 1.7 million jobs. It is also one of the fastest growing industries with one in five of all new jobs created in the tourist industry.The last years 25.7 million overseas visitors came to Britain, spending more than 12 billion. The British tourist Authority estimates that by the year 2003, overseas visitors will spend around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18 billion a year in the UK, 44% more that the past year.The British tourist Authority works with the national tourist boards for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to build the value of tourism in Britain, generating addition tourism revenue throughout the year in Britain.The graph above shows most tourists are overseas visitors to the UK, since internal trade was improved the UK receives loads of tourists and the remove of trade barriers and the introduction of a single currency in Europe has add to the number of tourists visiting the UK. You can also see from the graph that there are a total of 148 million tourists who are interested in day trips; this may include trips to museums which work as an advantage for Somerset house. I will have to g ear my strategy to attract a large proportion of these tourists.This graph shows major tourism receipts the USA is the major tourism receipt with the UK at the bottom.Tourism in the UK economyEconomic indicator à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ billionTourism sharedomestic 8383.6%Consumers spending 5235.7%All export 3514.5%Services exports 6026.5%The most relevant data from this table is the service exports, services that the UK provides to tourists. It shows that the service usage by tourists accounts for 26.5% of the U.K. economy and this figure is increasing yearly.

Free Essays on The Allegorical Goodman Brown

should not be overlooked as this also leads to the realization that a man (a good one) can deal with the devil and possibly win. At this stage in the story the reader still has hope for the goodman who must now deal with what he feels is his duty honor-bound. A "good man" in Hawthorne's day was a person who came from a proper lineage. This very lineage Hawthorne exploits as he begins the goodman's discourse with the devil. The goodman claims that he is from a family of good men that have never been into the forest on such an errand to meet the devil; Hawthorne depends upon this defense to criticize the patriarchal lineage upon which a person places his worth. This view is quickly derailed as the devil himself states that all of his ancestors were with him as they tortured women in Salem or burned t... Free Essays on The Allegorical Goodman Brown Free Essays on The Allegorical Goodman Brown The Allegorical Goodman Brown Gilberto Segura The story about Young Goodman Brown centers around the allegory of a man pitted against his past and his desires to reach beyond that which his benighted heaven would put before him. The allegory is Christian due to the references in Young Goodman Brown to the devil and Satan; it only seems logical that the crux of the story is based upon the religious imagery of Hawthorne's New England in the times of Salem and active religious strife. The beginning of the story mentions the goodman's wife, Faith. The names of the characters alone serve as an indication of what Hawthorne puts as an obvious religious allegory with the goodman and faith soon to be pitted against an unspeakable evil. The goodman even swears that after this night he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven." The devil awaits Young Goodman Brown as he states that the clock of the old south was striking but a few minutes past (Hawthorne is stating how quickly the devil can moveintensifying the airs of the preter natural). Young Goodman Brown replies to the devil that faith was keeping him awayHawthorne's play on words should not be overlooked as this also leads to the realization that a man (a good one) can deal with the devil and possibly win. At this stage in the story the reader still has hope for the goodman who must now deal with what he feels is his duty honor-bound. A "good man" in Hawthorne's day was a person who came from a proper lineage. This very lineage Hawthorne exploits as he begins the goodman's discourse with the devil. The goodman claims that he is from a family of good men that have never been into the forest on such an errand to meet the devil; Hawthorne depends upon this defense to criticize the patriarchal lineage upon which a person places his worth. This view is quickly derailed as the devil himself states that all of his ancestors were with him as they tortured women in Salem or burned t...

Commonly Confused Words for ESL Students and Classes

Commonly Confused Words for ESL Students and Classes Here are some of the most commonly confused English word pairs. They have been chosen especially for ESL learners. beside / besides beside: preposition meaning next to, at the side of Examples: I sit beside John in class.Could you get me that book? Its beside the lamp. besides: adverb meaning also, as well; preposition meaning in addition to Examples: (adverb) Hes responsible for sales, and a lot more besides.(preposition) Besides tennis, I play soccer and basketball. clothes / cloths clothes: something you wear - jeans, shirts, blouses, etc. Examples: Just a moment, let me change my clothes.Tommy, get your clothes on! cloths: pieces of material used for cleaning or other purposes. Examples: There are some cloths in the closet. Use those to clean the kitchen.I have a few pieces of cloth that I use. dead / died dead: adjective meaning not alive Examples: Unfortunately, our dog has been dead for a few months.Dont touch that bird. Its dead. died: past tense and past participle of the verb to die Examples: His grandfather died two years ago.A number of people have died in the accident. experience / experiment experience: noun meaning something that a person lives through, i.e. something that someone experiences. - also used as an uncountable noun meaning knowledge gained by doing something Examples: (first meaning)His experiences in Germany were rather depressing.(second meaning) Im afraid I dont have much sales experience. experiment: noun meaning something that you do to see the result. Often used when speaking about scientists and their studies. Examples: They did a number of experiments last week.Dont worry its just an experiment. Im not going to keep my beard. felt / fell felt: past tense and past participle of the verb to feel Examples: I felt better after I had a good dinner.He hasnt felt this well for a long time. fell: past tense of the verb to fall Examples: He fell from a tree and broke his leg.Unfortunately, I fell down and hurt myself. female / feminine female: the sex of a woman or animal Examples: The female of the species is very aggressive.The question female or male means are you a woman or a man. feminine: adjective describing a quality or type of behavior that is considered typical for a woman Examples: Hes an excellent boss with a feminine intuition.The house was decorated in a very feminine manner. its / its its: possessive determiner similar to my or your Examples: Its color is red.The dog didnt eat all of its food. its: Short form of it is or it has Examples: (it is) Its difficult to understand him.(it has) Its been a long time since I had a beer. last / latest last: adjective usually meaning final Examples: I took the last train to Memphis.This is the last test of the semester! latest:  adjective  meaning most recent or new Examples: His latest book is excellent.Have you seen his latest painting? lay / lie lay: verb meaning to put down flat - past tense - laid, past participle - laid Examples: He laid his pencil down and listened to the teacher.I usually lay my pies on the shelf to cool. lie: verb meaning to be down - past tense -lay (be careful!), past participle - lain Examples: The girl lay on the bed asleep.At the moment, hes lying on the bed. lose / loose lose: verb meaning to misplace Examples: I lost my watch!Have you ever lost anything valuable? loose: adjective meaning the opposite of tight Examples: Your trousers are very loose!I need to tighten this screw. Its loose. male / masculine male: the sex of a man or animal Examples: The male of the species is very lazy.The question female or male means are you a woman or a man. masculine:  adjective  describing a quality or type of  behavior  that is considered typical for a man Examples: Shes a very masculine woman.His opinions are just too masculine for me. price / prize price: noun - what you pay for something. Examples: The price was very cheap.Whats the price of this book? prize: noun - an award Examples: He won a prize as best actor.Have you ever won a prize in a competition? principal / principle principal: adjective meaning the most important Examples: The principal reason for my decision was the money.What are the principal  irregular verbs? principle: a rule (usually in science but also concerning morals) Examples: Its the first principle of aerodynamics.He has very loose principles. quite / quiet quite:  adverb  of degree meaning very or rather Examples: This test is quite difficult.He was quite exhausted after the long journey. quiet:  adjective  meaning the opposite of loud or noisy Examples: Could you please be quiet?!Shes a very quiet girl. sensible / sensitive sensible: adjective meaning having common sense i.e. not stupid Examples: I wish you would be more sensible about things.Im afraid you arent being very sensible. sensitive: adjective meaning to feel very deeply or to hurt easily Examples: You should be careful with David. Hes very sensitive.Mary is a very sensitive woman. shade / shadow shade: protection from the sun, a dark area outside on a sunny day. Examples: You should sit in the shade for a while.Its too hot. Im going to find some shade. shadow: the dark area created by something else on a sunny day. Examples: That tree casts a large shadow.Have you  every  noticed your shadow getting longer as it gets later in the day? some time / sometimes some time: refers to an indefinite time in the future Examples: Lets meet for coffee some time.I dont know when Ill do it - but I will do it some time. sometimes:  adverb of frequency  meaning occasionally Examples: He sometimes works late.Sometimes, I like eating Chinese food.

The Co-operative Bank Brand positioning Project Essay

The Co-operative Bank Brand positioning Project - Essay Example Brand positioning of an organization involves the following steps: 1. Identification of the direct competition of the business (including players offering products or services amongst bigger portfolio of solutions) 2. Understanding of the brand positioning of the competitors in the market. 3. Documentation of the own positioning of the company. 4. Comparison of company’s positioning with its competitors in order to identify the possible areas of differentiation. 5. Development of distinctive differentiated and value based brand positioning concept. 6. Creation of a positioning statement with customer value propositions and messages used for the purpose of communication development throughout the target audience. In order to develop a distinctive place in the operational market, an organization should choose a target market followed by the creation of a differential advantage in their mind. Thus, brand positioning is the medium by means of which the company can convey to its cu stomers that what it desires to achieve for them. It can be said to be an activity of creation of the brand offer in such way that it will occupy a separate value and place in the mind of the target customers. It includes identification and determination of the similarity as well as difference for ascertainment of the correct brand identity and creation of proper brand image. An effective brand positioning helps in directing the marketing strategy by explanation of brand details, distinctiveness of the brand, its similarity and dissimilarity with competitive brands and specific reason for using the brand. It is the base of development or increase of required knowledge or perception of its customers. It is the only feature which distinguishes the products or services of a company from its competitors. Financial condition of Cooperative banks in Europe The financial crisis situation of the countries and financial institutions are not over. The financial condition is far away from its stability and the confidence of the public in the financial institutions is very weak (Groeneveld, 2011). The Cooperative Banking Group has weathered/battered present and previous periods of the financial distress situation relatively well (Acadia, et al., 2010; EACB, 2010; Wyman, 2008). The cooperative banking group has recovered from the financial crisis situation of the period of 2007-2008 in a better pace as compared other shareholders value or the listed banks. The financial crisis leaded to the critical assessment of the business principles, models and rules in the banks. The top priority is given to safeguard of the stability in the global financial system. A major effort was given on the restoration of confidence of the customers on the financial sector. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has announced high capital and liquidity requirements for the financial systems and banks as the preventive measures for reducing the financial crises to some extent (Basel Committe e on Banking Supervision, 2010). This regulatory reform will result in the shift of the funding structure from the short term and volatile sources to long term and stable sources like capital and other deposits (Kodres and Narain, 2010). This financial crises situation has resulted in the increased awareness of the investors related to the capital endowments of the banks. Thus, it is likely that the market participants will request for additional buffers above

How is the power structure and decision making process in this Essay

How is the power structure and decision making process in this organization Should it be strengthened or changed How - Essay Example Upon looking into the current market trend, marketing strategies plus the deliberation of task among members of the group, particularly those who are in the marketing and sales department could smoothly get along with the needs for greater profit. The decisions were made, first, in accordance with the goals of the organization for the benefit of the body as a whole and not only of individual profit. This is what exactly Daft signifies when he said that every organization has its own strategies, but the stragies wherewith decisions will be made should be mainly dependent on the golas of the organization. Operations is not dependent on the mandate of the owner alone, but is dependent on the research studies conducted by the members of the group as a whole. This is being done by the organization by means of including internal and external factors that are in line with the goals of the organization. Official goal and operational goal of the organization is clear, which is, to give service to all people giving value to everyone’s profit. Which means that this goal does not only put into consideration the benefit that the owner of the organization should have but it include all the internal and external things that surrounds the organization. In terms of the dilemma of control and flexibility, where both internal and external engagement of the company is at risk, the organization react with this by means of clearly stating the real sort of problem that has to be fine tuned. Upon understanding the problem, then solutions could be facilitated by means of exactly pin pointing the areas where the organization should mainly adjust. For example, the problem is within the core group of employees, the best way that it could be solved is by means of introducing activities that will uplift the morale of the group, such that will maximize their potentials.

Role of Compromise in Delaying the Civil War Essay

Role of Compromise in Delaying the Civil War - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the period before the American civil war of 1861-1865 was one of the politically dramatic periods in American history. This essay discusses that compromise played a big role in delaying the civil war until 1861. The compromise of 1850 consisted of five bills processed by Clay and advocated by Douglas. This paper illustrates that the bill made it possible for Texas to withdraw its war claim to New Mexico. States such as Washington D.C agreed to ban of slave trade whereas others such as national capital retained slave trade. Additionally, other states allowed California to be a free state. The author has rightly presented that the ideas of popular sovereignty sought to manifest sovereign powers to the people by allowing them to have free will in determining their political and societal discourse. The paper tells that this was most evident in Kansas-Nebraska act. Douglas advocated for democracy and free will among the people. Different st ates were able to make their own independent decisions regarding an important issue such as the constitution. This helped delay the civil war appreciably. This essay discusses that Missouri compromise aimed at finding a consensus between pro and anti-slavery factions. House of Representatives eased their stand on the issue. According to the research findings, Missouri was allowed to make their own constitution in which they sought to forbid slave trade.

Article literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article literature review - Essay Example To determine the degree of standardization of advertising practice in perfumes, apparel and cosmetics in five European countries, a research study, with the use of content analysis, was conducted by using several editions of Vogue magazine. Prior to the study, it has been recognized by Sommers and Kernan that standardization of advertisements is â€Å"possible when the product serves the same needs across culture such as beauty, love and fear† (Seitz & Johar, 1993). This is the reason why the products that will be included in the study are perfumes, cosmetics and apparel, which are all considered beauty products. The three brands of perfume covered by the study were Yves Saint Laurent â€Å"Y†, Paloma Picasso and Lancome Tresor. The apparels included were Guess, Chanel and Giorgio Armani. Helena Rubinstein, Guerlain and Lancome Definicils were the cosmetic brands included. The countries chosen for the study are Spain, Italy, France, Germany and UK because of its very di verse cultures. The different print advertisements of the said products were examined according to picture, size, color, general layout, caption and explanatory text (Seitz & Johar, 1993). The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that perfume advertisements were more standardized than apparel or cosmetics (Seitz & Johar, 1993). Moreover, the study also corroborated that â€Å"apparel advertisements were more localized than perfume or cosmetics† (Seitz & Johar, 1993). The study made presents itself as a guide for European advertisers who must take into consideration the anticipated development that the different European countries will continue to merge into a single market; thus, a need to have a unified brand image (Seitz & Johar, 1993). Having standardized advertisements will benefit global companies as it would mean economies of scale in advertising expenditures. Advertisers however must

Pros and Cons of each payment technology can be used in India Research Paper

Pros and Cons of each payment technology can be used in India - Research Paper Example s the fingerprints of a person and utilizes the trace to gain accessibility to individuals’ funds stored in a bank or a specific financial institution. One unique feature with biometric systems is that it does not require the use passwords because the system uses traces of fingerprints stored in their database to execute the operation. The biometric systems have a high level of accuracy since it does not use physical passwords thus more accurate. Besides, such systems are less susceptible to fraud since it is inaccessible by the second person. Moreover, biometric systems are more secure due to their use of advanced scanners that intercept the image making it more distinct from the finger print of another person making quite untraceable (Maltoni et al 303). Biometric systems are more reliable since a person ever moves around with his hands and has minimal chances of losing the confidentiality as compared to pin numbers, which can be forgotten or misplaced. Moreover, biometric systems offer mobility because the fingerprints are different and have same dermal ridge for sensing hence applied at any place accessible by the system (Maltoni et al 303). Although biometric systems provide positive merits to the organization, any institution planning such set up must be ready to face high costs of installation. This is attributed by the fact that biometrics cannot run as an independent system and must be supported by additional storage. Such integrations obviously incur additional expenditure to the organization. Moreover, it calls for further training cost for the employees in order to embrace the system, and this reduces the cost of productivity in the end. Consequently, implementation of such systems are faced by a lot of negativity since not many people are willing to disclose their biological traits while assuming that such disclosure are often associated to criminal contexts (Komarinski 3). Other than the biometric systems, MasterCard also part of the leading

Article literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article literature review - Essay Example To determine the degree of standardization of advertising practice in perfumes, apparel and cosmetics in five European countries, a research study, with the use of content analysis, was conducted by using several editions of Vogue magazine. Prior to the study, it has been recognized by Sommers and Kernan that standardization of advertisements is â€Å"possible when the product serves the same needs across culture such as beauty, love and fear† (Seitz & Johar, 1993). This is the reason why the products that will be included in the study are perfumes, cosmetics and apparel, which are all considered beauty products. The three brands of perfume covered by the study were Yves Saint Laurent â€Å"Y†, Paloma Picasso and Lancome Tresor. The apparels included were Guess, Chanel and Giorgio Armani. Helena Rubinstein, Guerlain and Lancome Definicils were the cosmetic brands included. The countries chosen for the study are Spain, Italy, France, Germany and UK because of its very di verse cultures. The different print advertisements of the said products were examined according to picture, size, color, general layout, caption and explanatory text (Seitz & Johar, 1993). The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that perfume advertisements were more standardized than apparel or cosmetics (Seitz & Johar, 1993). Moreover, the study also corroborated that â€Å"apparel advertisements were more localized than perfume or cosmetics† (Seitz & Johar, 1993). The study made presents itself as a guide for European advertisers who must take into consideration the anticipated development that the different European countries will continue to merge into a single market; thus, a need to have a unified brand image (Seitz & Johar, 1993). Having standardized advertisements will benefit global companies as it would mean economies of scale in advertising expenditures. Advertisers however must

Juvenile justice Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Juvenile justice - Thesis Example It is strongly felt that the best institutions that could try child or juvenile offenders need to be Juvenile Courts, and not adult Courts. This is because of the two principal reasons: 2. At their tender age, what is more important is the ability of the system to take correctional and rehabilitative measures to bring the offender back into the mainstream in order to do productive and useful work in future. By incarcerating the child to jail sentences, their future lives are spoiled and even after their sentences are completed, it may be too late to being them back into the mainstream of social life, and thus, later, they would prove burdens for themselves and society and may indulge in large-scale criminal activities due to non-correctional measures. Children and juveniles are not in a position to offer strong defense in adult courts of law because of their cognitive disabilities and other limitations because of which their position would be marginalized in adult Courts and they would not be in a position to defend themselves as well as they could possibly be able to do in Juvenile Courts, which would need to take more compassionate perspective of their crimes and misdemeours and pass judgments, based on individual characteristics of the crime and perceived 'child criminal. The aspect of children being tried in adult Courts is a social problem and s... Judgments need to be based on rehabilitative and correctional therapy and not designed to be punitive based. The aspect of children being tried in adult Courts is a social problem and sociologists, child behavioral specialists and child psychologists need to feel the responsibility of ensuring that the incidence of such cases are kept to the minimum. However, when one has to judge the severity of the crime, especially murder or rape, there needs to be a greater degree of autonomy to be granted to the legal process in trying such serious offenses and meting out punishment to the offenders, whether under-age or adult. This research study would take up the matter of trying children and its short and long-term implications upon society. The research question is: Should children or Juveniles be tried in adult courts Literature Review: In order to understand the progression of this hypothesis, it is necessary to go back to history. The aspects of juvenile Courts are a recent phenomenon. During the 18th Century, an offender who was above 7 years of age would be treated as adults. It was believed during that time that children below 7 years lacked moral capacity, and was thus devoid of giving consent. It has been documented that, before the 20th Century, 10 children below 14 years of age were awarded capital punishment in US for committing heinous crimes. (Stolba, 2001). The combination of child offenders with adult criminals in prison settings created social unrest, so much so that the "Society for the prevention of juvenile delinquents " was formed in 1925. With the primary objective of rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Since the majority of

Empiricism Semantics and Ontology Carn Essay Example for Free

Empiricism Semantics and Ontology Carn Essay I. The Problem of Abstract Entities Empiricists attempt to limit themselves to nominalistic language, a language not containing references to abstract entities such as properties, classes, relations, numbers, propositions, etc. They treat mathematics as a mere calculus wherein no interpretation is given or can be given. However, abstract entities are impossible to avoid for some scientific contexts. The theory of meaning and truth is the problem of abstract entities in relation to semantics1. Semanticists claim that certain expressions designate certain entities, including abstract entities2. This violates the basic principles of empiricism and leads back to a metaphysical ontology3 of the platonic kind. Carnap rejects the idea that the use of such language embraces Platonic ontology, but is rather compatible with empiricism and scientific thinking. II. Linguistic Frameworks4 Carnap believes that for someone to speak of a new kind of entities in his language, he must construct a linguistic framework, a system of new ways of speaking and is subject to new rules. To understand these entities, we must recognize the two fundamental  questions concerning the reality of these entities: (1) Internal questions or the questions of existence of the new entities within the framework; and (2) External questions or the questions of existence of the system of entities as a while. Internal questions can be answered by new forms of expressions either by logical or empirical methods. External questions, on the other hand, are in need of a closer examination. The world of things is the simplest kind of entities we deal with everyday language and upon our acceptance of the thing  language with its framework for things, we can raise internal questions like â€Å"Is there a white piece of paper on my desk? †, â€Å"Are unicorns real or imaginary? † and these can be answered by empirical investigation. The results of this investigation can be confirmed or disconfirmed based on explicit rules for the evaluation, which is the main concern of epistemology. The rules of the framework claim that in order for something to be considered real, it must fit into a system at a particular space-time position along with other things  considered as real. The external question of the reality of the thing world is not asked by scientists but by philosophers and is given affirmative answers by realists, and negative answers from subjective idealists. This question is never resolved because it is wrongly framed. To be real in the scientific context means to be an element of the system, hence, this concept cannot be meaningfully applied to the system. Those who question the reality of the thing world are not expecting of a theoretical question, rather, a practical question which  would affect the structure of our language; hence, we must decide whether or not to adapt the forms of expression in the framework. We have accepted the thing language since our earlier years and now we are given the choice whether or not to continue using the thing language or to restrict ourselves to sense-date, to construct an alternative language with new structure and rules, or to refrain from speaking at all. However, Carnap believes that none of the above-mentioned choices is practical. So, he explained that the  acceptance of the thing language does not imply the acceptance of the existence of the thing world, but the acceptance of a certain form of language, accepting rules in order to form, test, or reject statements, and the idea of the reality of the thing world cannot be among these statements because it cannot be formulated in the thing language or in any other theoretical language. Questions regarding the efficiency, fruitfulness and simplicity of the use of the thing language are not yes-no questions but rather questions of degree. But it is wrong to say that â€Å"The fact of the efficiency of the thing language is confirming evidence for the reality of the thing world,† rather, â€Å"This fact makes it advisable to accept the thing language. † Carnap used the example of the system of numbers as an example of a system which is of a logical rather than a factual nature, based on the rules of the new expressions: 1 SEMAN? CS IS THE STUDY OF MEANINGS AND THE RELA? ON OF SIGNS AND SYMBOLS AND WHAT THEY SIGNIFY OR DENOTE. 2 E. G. PROPER? ES AS DESIGNATED BY PREDICATES AND PROPOSI? ONS AS DESIGNATED BY SENTENCES. 3 ONTOLOGY IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF REALITY AND IS THE DOCTRINE OF UNIVERSAL AND NECESSARY CHARACTERIS? CS OF ALL EXISTENCE. 4 A LINGUIS? C FRAMEWORK IS A SET OF LINGUIS? C CONVEN? ONS WHICH DETERMINE THE WAY IN WHICH WE SE#LE EXISTENCE PROBLEMS OF A CERTAIN sort. (1) numerals like â€Å"five† and sentence forms like â€Å"there are five books on the table† (2) the general term â€Å"number† for the new entities, and sentence forms like â€Å"five is a number† (3) expressions of properties of numbers (odd, prime), relations (greater than), and functions (plus), and sentence forms like  Ã¢â‚¬Å"two plus three is five. † (4) numerical variables (m,n,etc) and quantifiers for universal sentences (for every n,†¦. ) and existential sentences (there is an n such that†¦) with the customary deductive rules Empirical investigation is impossible to answer the internal question, â€Å"Is there a prime number greater than a hundred? †, rather it can be answered through logical analysis. He also introduced the system of propositions wherein any declarative sentence can be substituted by a variable. Every sentence that comes in the form â€Å"†¦is a proposition† is considered analytic. This framework included three constructs: (1) â€Å"For every p, either p or not –p† (2) â€Å"There is p such that p is not necessary and not –p is not necessary. † (3) â€Å"There is p such that p is a proposition. † (1) and (2) are both internal assertions of existence while (3) is an implication that there are propositions. Lastly, in the spatio-temporal coordinate system for physics, the new entities are the space-time points. Each point is an ordered quadruple of four real numbers (3 spatial and 1 temporal coordinate). It is not forced on us but is suggested by common observation. The physical state of these space-time points is described through qualitative predicates or through ascribing numbers such as mass, temperature, etc. Moving on to this physical coordinate system requires a decision on how to use language. Carnap argues that the introduction of such forms into our language is a matter of degree, and that the formulation in the form â€Å"real or not† will be inadequate. Many philosophers argue that the affirmation of the reality of the entity of the language shall come prior to the introduction of new language forms, and Carnap strongly disagrees. He claims that a new way of speaking needs not be justified because in the first place, it does not imply any assertion of reality, but only acceptance of a new framework. III. What Does Acceptance of a Kind of Entities Mean? The acceptance of a new kind of entities is represented in the language by the introduction of a framework of new forms of expressions to be used according to a new set of rules. The two essential steps into the introduction of the framework are: (1) the introduction of a general term, a predicate of higher level, for the new kind of entities, permitting us to say of any particular entity that it  belongs to this kind5; and (2) the introduction of variables of the new type. After the formulation of the new forms of language, they can now create internal questions that may either be empirical or logical, and be addressed by true answers that are either factually true or analytic. Carnap debunks the idea that the acceptance of a new framework is an assertion of the reality of the entities. He argues that the question whether or not to accept the new entities and the new linguistic form is a practical question and not a theoretical question. It cannot be judged as true or false because it is not an assertion, rather, it can be judged as being more or less expedient, fruitful and conducive. IV. Abstract Entities in Semantics In semantical meaning analysis, certain expressions are often said to designate (or name or denote or signify) certain extra- linguistic entities. Ex. â€Å"The word ‘red’ designates a property of things. † â€Å"The word ‘five’ designates a number. † Empiricists admit that these are meaningful expressions but reject the belief as they see these as implicitly presupposed by those semantical statements. 5 E. G. â€Å"RED IS A PROPERTY†, â€Å"FIVE IS A NUMBER† This belief is criticized as hypostatization, or treating as names expressions which are not names. Carnap used the example of â€Å"Fido†, his dog, as a name that designates his dog Fido, while red and five are not names and are not supposed to designate anything. To deal with this criticism, Carnap clarifies abstract entities as designata: (a) Five designates a number. This presupposes that our language L contains the forms of expressions which we have called the framework of numbers, in particular, numerical variables and the general term number. If L contains these forms, the following is an analytic statement in L. (b) Five is a number. To make the statement (a) possible, L must contain an expression like designates or is a name of for the semantical relation of designation. If suitable rules for this term are laid down, the following is likewise analytic: (c) Five designates five. Since (a) follows from (c) and (b), (a) is likewise analytic. You must accept these as true statements if you accept the framework of numbers. Carnap acknowledges the need for theoretical justification for internal assertions but argues that it is wrong to demand forsu ch when it comes to acceptance of system of entities. He cites Ernest Nagel who asked for evidence relevant for affirming with warrant that there are such entities as infinitesimals or propositions. He required the evidence to be logical and dialectical. And so Carnap provides an example of this problem of proof: â€Å"Here are three books. † The framework of the sentence allows us to communicate but the question on the ontological reality of the system of numbers continues. One philosopher believes that numbers are real entities so there is no problem in using the  numerical framework for semantical statements. A nominalistic opponent, on the other hand, says there are no numbers. For Carnap, numbers may still be used as meaningful expressions but they are not names and there are no entities designated by them. The term numbers and numerical variables must only be used as abbreviating devices: i. e. to translate them into the nominalistic thing language. He believes that there is no possible evidence relevant for both philosophers. V. Conclusion Carnap’s stand on using semantical methods depended not on the ontological question of existence of abstract entities but onthe qu estion whether or not the rise of abstract linguistic forms is expedient and fruitful for semantical analyses6. This is no yes-or-no question. It dealt with a matter of degree, by their efficiency as instruments, by the . . ratio of the results achieved to the amount and complexity of the efforts required. He challenges the nominalists to offer better arguments than merely appealing to ontological insight; probably a semantical method without any references at all to abstract entities and by simpler means, achieves the same results as other methods. Carnap  pointed out that dogmatic prohibitions are both futile and harmful that looking back to history, traces of slow development rooted to religious, metaphysical, mythological, and other irrational sources. And so by granting freedom to use any form of expression useful to them, those useless forms will sooner or later be eliminated. Carnap ended with a reminder, â€Å"Let us be cautious in making assertions and critical in examining them, but tolerant in permitting linguistic forms. † 6 SEMAN? CAL ANALYSES THAT INCLUDE THE ANALYSIS, INTERPRETA? ON, CLARI+CA? ON OR CONSTRUC? ON OF LANGUAGES OF COMMUNICA? ON, ESPECIALLY languages of science.

Smart Clothing Was Designed With Technology Media Essay

Smart Clothing Was Designed With Technology Media Essay In Bostons museum of science, the second annual seamless fashion show was held. A show where technology and art, meet clothing. The purpose of this show was twofold, showing the work of designers, and the display of technological clothing. A lot of people think wearable technology is only things like watches says Liu a participant(Toupin,26). Fashion and style should fit naturally into our life and wearable technology comes in allowing connection and interaction with our environment more better(Toupin,26). Many of the projects in this show have a message or hidden agenda. The artists want to make a statement about the world outside. For example Liu created a messenger bag that would display images that describe the person who owns the bag. She says this would communicate a true characteristic of that person since people judge others just by the way they look. The messenger bag shows a picture from your favourite CD or your blog. There is a device in the bag that connects to an image sharing database allowing transmission of files to other people with the same bag within a certain distance(26). This type of wearable technology allows huge communication and simple connections with others surrounding us, and especially today, people are hungry for connections Lisa Monrose(Toupin, 26). So what is the future of technology embedded in fashionable wearables? Predictions of the near future according to industry analysts are that clothing may provide a benefit to our health with the prediction of garments delivering vitamin supplements to the skin, that help maintain the moisture and temperature of the human body(Abernathy 1999) One can predict things like cellphones in clothing, food holders in clothing, memory glasses,and maybe even internet access within the clothing we wear. Senior vice president of Xybernaut Corporation which created a wearable computer with the companys name on it, says that even though these gadgets may be omnipresent as the future arrives, there will be a huge constant issue for power for tech wearables(Abernathy 1999). There are a few concerns and negative aspects of mixing technology in with a wearable. What is the point? Well ABC news, Washington post and other institutes had a say in this topic: Donna Abernathy: Privacy becomes an issue with technology when technologies monitor, trade alter and hold hostage of out personal data. Haidee Allerton: The same way smoking is banned in places, the same way cell phones in public will be banned. Well all be using these things, technology becomes everything everywhere Aims for wearable computing came about around the mid and late 1990s. Barfield and Caudell claim the development of wearable computing is as a result of the need and desire for people to access data and information while being mobile(Beloff 47-53). Wearable technologies today are compared to cyborgs. In 1960 two scientists Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline thought about how an interaction between a machine and a person could make a person feel as if the machines were a part of them(Heibeck 2006). Cyborgs was coined as a concept extending human functionality to achieve things(Beloff 47-53). Something like driving your own car makes you cyborg. As you drive your car, the car becomes an extension of your body allowing you to drive something you cannot do without a car. What about if you never got out of the car? How would having the car connected to you change your day to day life? With the developing of smart clothing, scientists look at what life might be like if the human-machine inte raction lasted more than the normal periods. We wear clothes on our bodies nearly 24/7. We could practically become cyborgs. Scientist and professor Alex Pentland, says we need smart clothing to be smarter. Humans have problems learning things they need to learn as it is. Smart clothing can help you get information just when you might need it(Heibeck 2006). He predicts things like memory glasses, health monitors built into clothes, and a sixth sense type thing where one can know where all their friends are and how their doing. For ex. A smart clothing can sense your mood and communicate how you feel to others. A signal would then show up on your friends mood ring(Heibeck 2006) can we say emotional instant messaging? So what about people cheating and using this technology to their easy advantage? Alex says calculators are already like cheating. When something becomes common everywhere, it becomes a part of everywhere(Heibeck 2006). Alex says privacy is a huge advantage of smart clot hes. He says he would rather info on his body than on a computer people can log onto. The only negativity he sees in these wearables is making these clothes washable since water and technology dont quite get along(Heibeck 2006). Research is saying wearable technology is present and will definitely have a future. During the 1960s the earlier developments emerged in the field of wearable technology and virtual and augmented reality. The first head mounted display was done around this time by Ivan Sutherland created the first wearable see through head mounted display. This along with many other examples are considered predecessors in the wearable technology field. With ubiquitous computing, it has been argued that technology has become invisible because of its success WeiseWeiser Brown 1996; (Clark 2003). The general acceptance of technology allowing everyday use of it, causes this invisibility(Beloff 47-53). This type of transparency of technologies and the focus of technologys functionality leaves out how these devices actually impact the world. For example, the clock, it structured and organized the lives of people. Even though we have so many technologies today, many of them are deeply embedded into society(Beloff 47-53). Clearly there are points of advantages and disadvantages when it comes to integrating fashionable wearables and technology. But wearable technology within our clothing and fashion can be life altering. The relationship between fashion and technology is a large gap between visual vs. Functional. Within our environment, many practises and actions occur simultaneously. With technology enabled in this space, its potential is high. This opens doors to constructing other perspectives to technology and everyday life(Beloff 47-53) . There is so much potential for fashionable wearables if we integrate technology within it. Something as important and global as saving peoples lives can be heightened in the realm of what we wear. People with Parkinsons disease could decrease the risk of injuries in their lives with the use of something they wear everyday- clothes, wearables! The use of sensors in clothing can monitor adults who live alone. Signal sensors that can record movement, evaluating over time, can allow sick elderly people to engage in their usual daily routines with no interruptions, while facilitating medication dosages improving the life in patients with this disease(Patel 200). Something like this would be worn more for the purpose of its function rather than the purpose of looking great in a fashion sense. In this case, functionality overrules fashion. Marcy Koontz says electronic garments are making their way into the spotlight of media and now into our closets. People want and need the access to information and communication on the go(USA Today 2001). Koontz notes that the development of these technologies are already there. Smart clothes used to mean something like a jacket with tons of pockets or water resistant coats. 21st century smart clothes are now in the world of integrated technology(USA Today 2001). Smart clothing was designed with technology as its focus and not fashion(USA Today 2001). But if we can integrate technology into clothing and make it work, then our next step can be making it look good. If we can make wearable technology a fashion of its own we can create a whole new culture, and a whole new style. The smart clothing discussed throughout this paper were usually meant for office geeks or performance athletes:(USA Today 2001). Technology and fashion haven;t become completely hybrid yet because functionality is still a key issue today. In places like The fashion institute of technology in NY, Ari Vega says fashion designers now recognize high tech clothing(USA Today 2001). Scott Jordan, CEO and founder of ScotteVest, says technology along with a clothing designer, will give you the opportunity to buy the coolest clothes with a benefit, even if you are not the fashionist or the geek:(USA Today 2001). Fashion says its got to look great. Technology says its got to work. W e can make both happen. Technology connects us. The most key thing about the research on the relationship between fashionable wearables and functionality is that functionality must come first in order to make fashionable tech-wearables sell in the business industry. These wearables will then function to connect, to give easy access, to enhance knowledge, to understand data easily, to gain access to sound and imagery instantly, to possibly improve heath, and to basically make life a whole lot easier. Fashion is an extension of the body that can or cannot be visually appealing, visually noticeable, or visually meaningful. It is only an extension of the body that can serve for a few purposes. These purposes arent as powerful as technology in the eyes of a new media student. That core relationship between fashion and functionality is heightened when technology takes a role in the fashion industry. Since technology is considered a useful servant for humanity, we have certain expectations for it(Beloff 47-53). If technology as a tool is successful it allows the transparency of technology to grow that we no longer see the implication of it in our lives because we are so used to it. With wearable technology, this is also the case, following ubiquitous computing and aims at smooth integrating of users and the environment. There are wearable technologies that dont follow traditional guidelines but challenge the aim of technology and make technology visible(Beloff 47-53). These projects open interpretation of possibilities for the way we look at technology today. With this we can develop a better understanding of the relationships between body, technology, and the environment allowing future potential for wearable technologies (Beloff 47-53)

A Night in Afghanistan Essay -- Personal Narrative, Descriptive Essay

"Shhhh!" my mother whispered as the tanks rumbled by under the cold Afghan night, the stars twinkling above the mountains surrounding us. From our hiding place in the brush along the shoulder of the dirt path through the Khyber Pass, I could see tanks stretching to infinity and, try as I might, I could not find an end to the convoy of trucks. Huddled along with my father, mother, and infant brother and sister, we peered anxiously as the Russian Spetsnaz scouts rolled past us in jeeps ahead of the convoy heading toward the Afghanistan-Pakistan border-the very place our destination lay. My brother began to whimper. My mother began to pray. It seemed as if the line of tanks would never end. Finally, as the last of them rolled by, silence engulfed us. My father had been planning for months for our flight into Pakistan along the Khyber road and we could not stop now. Our nerves were frayed. We had not slept for three days since being smuggled out of the capital and the 15-mile walk across the border might have well been 15 hundred miles. My father stopped for a moment and fished a small, empty... ... Today, that pouch of a few ounces of earth that my father gathered during our last hours in Afghanistan lies on a desk in his study, reminding me of what I have lost, of another place filled with memories that I used to call home. But today, what I call home is in Orange County, California, half a world away from Afghanistan. Perhaps one day I will go back to see what is left after the years of war and strife and once again relax in our old backyard, or go to pick apples in an orchard in the Maymana district. But I will go back only to visit.

Summary Of Kidnapped :: essays research papers

Kidnapped, by Robert Louis Stevenson has a genre that classifies as historical fiction. I selected this book because the setting takes place during the 1750's, which is a perfect time for history. At that year many historic events occurred that have been written down in books today. Such as, 'The French and Indian War.'; Since the setting is in Scotland, the way the writing in the book is is quite hard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting not only takes place in Scotland, but also through a voyage in a boat, as well as on islands. The year is 1751, in those days many people traveled by sea. Which is a major transportation use within this book. The setting is important to the plot, because most of the actions that ensue are either not possible today, or are unlikely to happen. For example, when David and Alan are being attacked, they must go through a system of charging their gun. That takes a long time. Today the guns are automatic; which enhances the speed of reloading by far. Today it would be extremely unlikely to see a person using the same sort of gun as they used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  David Balfour, a poor Scotsman who lived all his life in a place called Essendean. He has never been out of there. Having both his parents die was truly a tragedy. Only now has the minister of the town (Mr. Campbell, who was friends with David's father) told David that his father left him a will. The will stated, 'To the hands of Ebenezer Balfour, Esq., of Shaws, in his house of Shaws, these will e delivered by my son, David Balfour.'; David was to travel to another town, and seek a place called 'The House Of Shaws.'; David then finds out that the man living in the gruesome house (where he thought was a palace before he laid his eyes on it) was actually his uncle. His name was Ebenezer, and one of the odd things about him is that he didn't allow candles or lanterns in the house. Therefore it was hard to see at night. At first he didn't trust David at all, he would never leave him alone in the house for one second. David and Ebenezer both left to an inn near the do cks. There, David was to see a lawyer so he may get the inheritance. As for Ebenezer he had an appointment with a captain of a ship called Mr.

Maureen Frye Essay

Marureen Frye made numerous mistakes in trying to implement her plan, a plan that was going to directly affect the salespeople of Quaker Steel Company as well as the District Sales Managers (DSMs), among other departments in the company. Her major mistake was sending a short-descriptive memo to the sales representatives. Why was this a major mistake? For one, Frye is trying to change the way the sales people allocate their time between big and small accounts, and yet she has not spend enough time in the field and with these salespeople. Although her simulations to optimize sales efforts might be correct, they are based on cold numbers and computations, sitting behind a computer, without taking into account the human factor that goes into those sales efforts. She does not have a feel for how they operate, where does their current success come from, what do they think and feel about how they are doing their job, and above what do they think it can be improved. Not only did Frye ignore the salespeople but she did not make good use of the relationship she thought she had with the DSMs. In fact, she had discussed her project with the Chicago DSM and he had seems to like to idea, with indicates that if more effort was put to introducing her plan to the other DSMs, using her good relationships with them, they could possibly perceive the idea well too idea of using the middle man. If she had no time to spend on the field and get to know the salespeople better, she made the mistake of not taking advantage of the relationship between the DSMs and the salespeople. Due to the hierarchical level of the DSMs, she is probably closer to them. As it is mentioned in the article, the DSMs leave a lot of free space to the salespeople which means that they are used to making their own decisions. This fact shows that the DSMs and the Salespeople have a special communication to understating each-other and to get the work done well. Thus, if a new project needs to be implemented, the DSMs are the most probable people to get through the salespeople and having them on board about this project is significantly important. This powerful link should have been taken advantage by Frye. Not having considered the above-mentioned steps, thus working in person with the salespeople or/and lobbying with the DSMs, Frye should have at least used the power of her superiors, Israel and Bethancourt, not only by  approving it but also as means of enforcement. For example, have them sign the memo she sent or give a direct order to the DSMs for its application. However, needs to be emphasized that this solution used on its own, is a last resort one just because she didn’t make use of the other options. This option would definitely be interpreted as a scare tactic, however it might have worked. As a manager or as the leader of her project, Frye first needs to find the authority from within and then also use the power given to her from her bosses. This option could be best used in collaboration with the previous options.

Hobbes: Human Nature and Political Philosophy Essay

Thomas Hobbes writes in his 1651 masterpiece Leviathan of his interpretations of the inherent qualities of mankind, and the covenants through which they enter in order to secure a peaceful existence. His book is divided up into two separate sections; Of Man, in which Hobbes describes characteristics of humans coexisting without the protection of a superior earthly authority, and Of Commonwealth, which explains how humans trapped in that primal ?state of nature’ may escape and, through agreements, be able to live peaceably among one another without fear of unjust actions being taken against them. I too will discuss these elements of society as Hobbes intended them to be, with special emphasis on how human nature played a role in determining most of Hobbes’ basis for his political theories. In the introduction to Leviathan, Hobbes casts a highly mechanized view of humans by theorizing that they are simply a motion of limbs and simple machines that come together to produce a living, breathing, working human. â€Å"For what is the heart, but a spring; and the nerves, but so many strings; and the joints, but so many wheels, giving motion to the whole body, such as was intended by the Artificer? † (Leviathan, Introduction) Although this is a depiction of how Hobbes views the dynamics of the human body, he contends that human actions work in a similar, mechanistic way. According to the text, specific wants and appetites produce within the human body and are experienced as discomforts or pains (or to be more general, degrees of happiness or sadness) which must be overcome. Thus, each person is geared to act in such ways as we believe likely to relieve our discomfort, to preserve and promote our own well-being. (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch. 6) Thus, basically everything we decide to do is determined by a natural desire to avoid things that give our bodies negative feedback responses, and the opposite for things which our body tells us is good. Essentially, in this aspect Hobbes asserts that human decisions in this environment are guided only by our strongest desires at that given time and place. The idea being introduced here is pivotal. It is the notion of self-preservation; that in a state of nature in which there is no rule of law, and each man answers only to himself, people will do (an are fully entitled to do) anything they deem necessary to further their own existence. This animalistic view of human interaction yields Hobbes to conclude that each person (or grouping, such as a family) lives independently from every other person or group, and acts in their own self-interest without regard for others. Hobbes calls this a â€Å"state of war†, in which life is â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. † (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch.13) Hobbes later identifies three main causes of conflict in the state of nature which prevent man from entering into peace with one another. The first is competition, which makes people invade for their personal gain. The second is diffidence (distrust) which makes people invade out of fear; a mutual sense of insecurity forces one to anticipate an attack from someone they cannot trust (who likewise feels the same way), so pre-emptive measures are taken. This makes sense because one renders it better to be a surprisor, and not a surprisee, since being surprised meant an almost certain death. The last cause of conflict is glory, which makes people invade others for their own merit. Knowing these sources of problems, Hobbes then declares; â€Å"Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. † (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch. 13) Therefore, at this point it is safe to conclude that human nature in this sense is essentially dangerous and evil. However, assuming that all humans are rational individuals, Hobbes believes that mankind would naturally want to escape this hellish state of existence and live under agreements that ensure the rational causes of quarrel could be avoided (albeit the third cause of quarrel, glory, is noted as an irrational cause of conflict). By establishing a commonwealth, contends Hobbes, we essentially remove the structural causes of conflict and foster the conditions for humankind to prosper under its own benevolence through mutually beneficial agreements. (Leviathan, Pt. I Ch.14) Although Hobbes had indicated that the state of nature is horrific, he acknowledges the counter-argument that people might not want to leave it because they would have to surrender certain rights granted to them solely while in the state of nature. But Hobbes’ response is rather simple; for it is â€Å"the foresight of their own preservation, and of a more contented life thereby; that is to say, of getting themselves out from that miserable condition of war which is necessarily consequent, as hath been shown, to the natural passions of men when there is no visible power to keep them in awe, and tie them by fear of punishment to the performance of their covenants. † (Leviathan, Pt. 2 Ch. 17) What he is saying is that rational individuals would understand that life under a common authority would allow for better means of self-preservation, because it creates an entity that can punish people who do not play by the game fairly. Also, people would be unable to rely on their individual autonomous powers in the effort to secure livelihood and happiness. Hobbes calls the necessary central authority the Sovereign (the institutional embodiment of an orderly government), and those over whom it presides are the Subjects. Thus, Hobbes’ perception of human nature led him to develop his vision of an ideal form of rule that would govern these autonomous individuals. He believed that a sovereign power was required to keep men united, who would work to maintain the peace among the people as well as protect them from foreign enemies. The people would have to make an agreement among themselves to all submit to this ruler. The people would then submit their wills to the will of their ruler who would in turn assure their self-preservation, giving the ruler absolute control over his or her subjects. Assuming the people all do submit to this higher authority, the next step is determining the most appropriate form this sovereign entity must undertake. Hobbes offers three examples of governance in the text: a monarchy, an aristocracy, and a democracy. Although the sovereign can be a legislature or an assembly of citizens or a monarch, claims Hobbes, the commonwealth will run smoothest under a hereditary monarch, which to the reader sounds like an unusual choice given all the conditions of human nature previously mentioned. Hobbes defends this notion though, by explaining that investing power in a single person who can choose advisors and rule consistently without fear of internal conflicts yields the best fulfillment of our social needs. (Leviathan, Pt. II Ch. 19) With a hereditary monarch there is hardly any internal conflict, whereas in a democracy, aristocracy, or any other assembly of citizens there is constant conflict among individuals trying to advance their own private agendas. Logistically, Hobbes says the sovereign will exercise its authority over its subjects in the form of civil laws that are either decreed or implicitly accepted. (Leviathan, Pt. II Ch. 26) Those who violate the laws handed down will be appropriately punished by the sovereign authority. The end result of it all is the creation of the actual Leviathan; biblically, a monstrous sea creature, but in Hobbes’ scope, it was a metaphor for a fully functioning, healthy society. Just as he previously used references to the mechanistic view of how man functions to further explain the conditions of how humankind and society work in general, Hobbes employs the use of metaphor to tie it all together. Imagine the sovereign ruler as literally the head of a man, not only the point at which the ideals of the society are created, but the commander of the rest of the body. The hands and limbs are the administrators of the law, whoever they may be under the various examples of government Hobbes previously offered. The subjects of the sovereign are the cells of the body that basically construct it and make it what it is, and allow for everything else to take place. There’s no doubt that Hobbes’ view on human nature shaped the way his political theories were formed. His works were, and still are highly influential to political philosophers that followed after him, which allowed for further, more concise theories to be generated and debated. And despite the shortcomings of some of Hobbes’ philosophies (such as the feasibility of installing such a government under the premises offered), his work was revolutionary for its time and laid the foundation on which other later significant philosophers built their political ideologies.